Effect of acupuncture on retinal and choroidal thickness in patients with optic atrophy / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of acupuncture on visual acuity, intraocular pressure, visual field, retinal and choroidal thickness on optic disc and macular area in patients with optic atrophy.@*METHODS@#A total of 33 patients with optic atrophy were treated with acupuncture. Acupuncture was given at Chengqi (ST 1), Shangjingming (Extra), Qiuhou (EX-HN 7) and Fengchi (GB 20) etc., 30 min each time, once a day, for 14 days. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure, visual field indexes (mean deviation [MD], pattern standard deviation [PSD] and visual field index [VFI]), optic disc retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, macular retinal thickness and choroidal thickness of optic disc and sub-foveal were compared before and after treatment.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the visual acuity was increased (P<0.05), the MD value was decreased (P<0.05), the thickness of nerve fiber layer on the upper temporal side of optic disc was thinner (P<0.05), and the choroidal thickness of average, nasal side and lower temporal side of optic disc was increased (P<0.05). There was significant correlation between visual field MD and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in different quadrants before and after treatment (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture could improve visual acuity, increase choroidal thickness in part of optic disc area in patients with optic atrophy.

Vessel density in early-stage primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma: a comparative controlled optical coherence tomography angiography study / Densidade vascular no estágio inicial do glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e do glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo: estudo comparativo controlado com angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to compare the vessel density of the optic nerve head and radial peripapillary capillary in the eyes with early-stage primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and control eyes. Methods: With visual field mean deviation scores >-6.0 dB, 54 eyes from 37 patients diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma (n=18) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (n=18) and healthy controls (n=18) were enrolled in this cross-sectional observational study. Retrieved from optical coherence tomography angiography, vessel density for the optic nerve head and radial peripapillary capillary were analyzed according to the distribution of the data and appropriate tests. The diagnostic accuracy of vessel density parameters was also assessed. Results: The whole-image vessel density of the radial peripapillary capillary and inside-disc vessel density of the optic nerve head were significantly lower in eyes with primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma compared to those in the control eyes (p<0.05). Compared to that in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, the inside-disc vessel density of the optic nerve head was significantly lower in primary open angle glaucoma (p<0.05). Inferotemporal sector vessel density of the optic nerve head for both primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma was significantly lower than that of the controls (p=0.009). In discrimination of primary open angle glaucoma vs. control and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma vs. control, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for inside-disc vessel density of the optic nerve head were 0.855 and 0.731, respectively (p<0.001, p=0.018). However, in discrimination of primary open angle glaucoma vs. pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for whole-image and inside-disc vessel densities of the optic nerve head were 0.707 and 0.722 (p=0.034, p=0.023). Conclusions: Vessel densities of the optic nerve head and radial peripapillary capillary were significantly lower in eyes with primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma compared to healthy control eyes. In the early stage of glaucoma, the inside-disc vessel density of the optic nerve head slab may be lower in eyes with primary open angle glaucoma eyes compared to eyes with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a densidade vascular da cabeça do nervo óptico e a densidade capilar peripapilar radial em olhos em estágios iniciais de glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e com glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo, bem como em olhos controle. Métodos: Este é um estudo observacional transversal, no qual foram incluídos 54 olhos com valores de desvio médio do campo visual superiores a -6,0 dB. Os olhos incluídos eram de 37 pacientes, diagnosticados com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (n=18), glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo (n=18) e controles saudáveis (n=18). Os valores de densidade vascular da cabeça do nervo óptico e a densidade capilar peripapilar radial foram obtidos a partir de angiografias por tomografia de coerência óptica, analisados de acordo com a distribuição dos dados e submetidos a testes estatísticos apropriados. Também foi avaliada a precisão diagnóstica dos parâmetros de densidade vascular. Resultados: Os valores para a densidade capilar peripapilar radial e no interior do disco óptico nas imagens inteiras foram significativamente menores no glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e no glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo do que no grupo controle (p<0,05). A densidade vascular no interior do disco óptico na cabeça do nervo óptico foi significativamente menor no glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto do que no glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo (p<0,05). A densidade vascular no setor temporal inferior da cabeça do nervo óptico foi significativamente menor tanto no glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto quanto no glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo, em comparação com o grupo controle (p=0,009). A área abaixo da curva de ROC para a densidade vascular no interior do disco óptico na cabeça do nervo óptico, foi de 0,855 para a comparação do glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto com o controle (p<0,001) e de 0,731 para a comparação do glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo com o controle (p=0,018). Porém, na comparação do glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto com o glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo, os valores da área abaixo da curva de ROC para a densidade vascular na imagem inteira e no interior do disco óptico na cabeça do nervo óptico foram respectivamente de 0,707 e 0,722 (p=0,034, p=0,023). Conclusões: A densidade vascular na cabeça do nervo óptico e a densidade capilar peripapilar radial mostraram-se significativamente diminuídas no glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto e no glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo, em comparação com olhos controle saudáveis. Nos estágios iniciais do glaucoma, a densidade vascular no interior do disco óptico, na cabeça do nervo óptico, pode ser menor em olhos com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto do que em olhos com glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo.

Angioid streaks and optic disc drusen in cherubism: a case report / Estrias angióides e drusas de disco óptico no Querubismo: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT A 65-year-old female patient was referred to our hospital for evaluation for cataract surgery. Her past medical history included corrective jaw surgeries for facial deformities that developed during infancy and persisted through early adulthood. A complete ophthalmological examination revealed bilateral angioid streaks, drusen in both optic disc areas, and a subretinal neovascular membrane in the left macula. Genetic analysis revealed a mutation in the SH3BP2 gene compatible with the diagnosis of cherubism. Clinical and laboratory evaluation revealed no additional systemic disorders. Cherubism is a rare disease characterized by the development of painless fibro-osseous lesions in the jaws and the maxilla in early childhood. Ophthalmologic findings in this disease are primarily related to orbital bone involvement. This is the first report of AS and optic disc drusen in a patient diagnosed with cherubism. Our findings suggest that angioid streaks and optic disk drusen should be included in the differential diagnosis of ophthalmic disorders identified in patients with this genetic abnormality.

RESUMO Paciente de 65 anos, sexo feminino, foi encaminhada para avaliação de cirurgia de catarata. Relatou história de cirurgias mandibulares para correção de deformação facial desenvolvida ao longo da infância e adolescência. O exame oftalmológico completo mostrou estrias angióides bilaterais, drusas em ambas as áreas dos discos ópticos e membrana neovascular sub-retiniana na mácula esquerda. A análise genética revelou mutação no gene SH3BP2 compatível com o diagnóstico de Querubismo. A avaliação clínica e laboratorial descartou outros distúrbios sistêmicos. O Querubismo é uma doença óssea rara caracterizada pelo desenvolvimento de lesões fibro-ósseas indolores na mandíbula e maxila durante a primeira infância. Os achados oftalmológicos nesta doença estão principalmente relacionados ao envolvimento ósseo orbitário. Este artigo descreve pela primeira vez a ocorrência de estrias angióides e drusas de disco óptico no Querubismo. Enfatizamos que essa condição deve ser incluída no diferencial de pacientes com tais achados, principalmente quando ambos existirem em associação.

Inner retinal thickness and optic disc measurements in obese children and adolescents / Espessura retiniana interna e medidas do disco óptico na obesidade pediátrica

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate optic nerve head parameters and inner retinal layer thicknesses in obese children and adolescents. Methods: Forty-one eyes of 41 pediatric obese participants and 41 eyes of 41 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Body mass index was calculated, based on sex and age, using body weight and height measurements. Blood lipid values (i.e., cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride) were measured in obese participants. Optical coherence tomography was used to examine optic nerve head parameters, including rim area, disc area, cup-to-disc ratio, and cup volume, as well as the thicknesses of retinal nerve fiber layers and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers. Results: Optic disc parameters were similar in obese and healthy children (p>0.05). The percentage of binocular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness symmetry was significantly different between obese and control groups (p=0.003). Compared to the control group, participants in the obese group exhibited thinner retinal nerve fiber layers in the superior quadrants (p=0.04) and thinner ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers in the superior-temporal sectors (p=0.04). There were no statistically significant correlations between the ocular parameters and lipid blood test values assessed in this study (p>0.05). Body mass index was significantly negatively correlated with the mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (r=-0.33, p=0.03) in the obese group. There was no significant correlation between intraocular pressure and body mass index (r=0.05, p=0.74). Conclusion: Compared to healthy children, obese children had greater binocular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness asymmetry and thinner retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers in several sectors. Blood lipid levels were not associated with retinal thickness or optic disc parameters in obese children.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros da cabeça do nervo óptico e a espessura da camada interna da retina em crianças e adolescentes obesos. Métodos: Quarenta e um olhos de 41 participantes pediátricos obesos e 41 olhos de 41 controles saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo foram incluídos neste estudo. O índice de massa corporal foi calculado com base no sexo e na idade, utilizando medidas de peso e estatura corporal. Os valores de lipídios no sangue (colesterol, lipoproteína de baixa e alta densidade e triglicérides) foram medidos nos participantes obesos. A tomografia de coerência óptica foi usada para examinar os parâmetros da cabeça do nervo óptico, incluindo a área da borda, área do disco, razão escavação/disco, volume da escavação, espessura s camadas de fibra nervosa da retina e as camadas plexiformes internas das células ganglionares da mácula. Resultados: Os parâmetros do disco óptico foram semelhantes em crianças obesas e saudáveis (p>0,05). A porcentagem da simetria da espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina binocular foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos obesos e controle (p=0,003). Comparados ao grupo controle, os participantes do grupo obeso exibiram camadas mais finas de fibras nervosas da retina nos quadrantes superiores (p=0,04) e camadas plexiformes mais finas da célula ganglionar interna nos setores temporal superior (p=0,04). Não houve correlação significante entre os parâmetros oculares e os valores dos exames de sangue lipídico avaliados neste estudo (p>0,05). O índice de massa corporal foi significativamente correlacionado negativamente com a espessura média da camada de fibras nervosas da retina (r=-0,33, p=0,03) no grupo obeso. Não houve correlação significativa entre a pressão intraocular e o índice de massa corporal (r=0,05, p=0,74). Conclusão: Comparadas às crianças saudáveis, as crianças obe sas apresentaram maior assimetria binocular na espessura da ca mada de fibras nervosas da retina e fibras nervosas da retina mais finas e camadas plexiformes internas das células ganglionares em vários setores. Os níveis de lipídios no sangue não foram associados à espessura da retina ou aos parâmetros do disco óptico em crianças obesas.

Joint optic disc and cup segmentation based on residual multi-scale fully convolutional neural network / 生物医学工程学杂志

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness, but its early symptoms are not obvious and are easily overlooked, so early screening for glaucoma is particularly important. The cup to disc ratio is an important indicator for clinical glaucoma screening, and accurate segmentation of the optic cup and disc is the key to calculating the cup to disc ratio. In this paper, a full convolutional neural network with residual multi-scale convolution module was proposed for the optic cup and disc segmentation. First, the fundus image was contrast enhanced and polar transformation was introduced. Subsequently, W-Net was used as the backbone network, which replaced the standard convolution unit with the residual multi-scale full convolution module, the input port was added to the image pyramid to construct the multi-scale input, and the side output layer was used as the early classifier to generate the local prediction output. Finally, a new multi-tag loss function was proposed to guide network segmentation. The mean intersection over union of the optic cup and disc segmentation in the REFUGE dataset was 0.904 0 and 0.955 3 respectively, and the overlapping error was 0.178 0 and 0.066 5 respectively. The results show that this method not only realizes the joint segmentation of cup and disc, but also improves the segmentation accuracy effectively, which could be helpful for the promotion of large-scale early glaucoma screening.

The effect of panretinal photocoagulation on confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscopy and stereo photographic parameters of optic disk topography in patients with diabetic retinopathy / Efeito da panfotocoagulação retiniana na oftalmoscopia confocal de varredura a laser e parâmetros da estereofotografia do disco óptico em pacientes com retinopatia diabética

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the effect of panretinal photocoagulation on optic disk topographic parameters in non-glaucomatous patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods: This was a prospective, single-center, observational study. Thirty-eight eyes of 26 patients with diabetes underwent panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Stereoscopic disk photographs and optic nerve head parameters were evaluated using the Zeiss fundus camera and the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph), respectively, at baseline and 12 months after the completion of panretinal photocoagulation. Results: Thirty-eight eyes of 26 patients (15 female) with a mean age of 53.7 (range 26-74) years were recruited. No significant difference was found between the stereo photography determined mean horizontal and vertical cup-to-disk ratio before and after panretinal photocoagulation treatment (p=0.461 and 0.839, respectively). The global values of the optic nerve head parameters analyzed with the HRT3 showed no significant change from baseline to 12 months, including the disk area, cup area, rim area, cup volume, rim volume, cup-to-disk area ratio, linear cup-to-disk ratio, mean cup depth, maximum cup depth, cup shape measure, height variation contour, mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and cross-sectional area. Conclusion: Our results suggest that panretinal photocoagulation does not cause morphological optic disk changes in patients with diabetic proliferative retinopathy after 1 year of follow-up.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o efeito da panfotocoagulação retiniana nos parâmetros topográficos do disco óptico em pacientes não glaucomatosos com retinopatia diabética proliferativa. Métodos: Este é um estudo observacional pros­pectivo e unicêntrico. Trinta e oito olhos de 26 pacientes dia­béticos foram submetidos à panfotocoagulação retiniana para retinopatia diabética proliferativa. As estereofotografias e os parâmetros do disco óptico foram avaliados usando o retinógrafo Visucam da Zeiss e o oftalmoscópio confocal de varredura a laser (Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph), respectivamente, no início e 12 meses após a conclusão da panfotocoagulação. Resultados: Trinta e oito olhos de 26 pacientes (15 mulheres) com média de idade de 53,7 anos (intervalo de 26-74) foram recrutados. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre a média horizontal e vertical para relação escavação/disco óptico determinadas pelas estereo­fotografias antes e após o tratamento com panfotocoagulação retiniana (p=0,461 e 0,839, respectivamente). Os valores globais dos parâmetros do disco óptico analisados com a tomografia de varredura a laser não mostraram nenhuma mudança significativa entre o início até os 12 meses, incluindo disk area, cup area, rim area, cup volume, rim volume, C/D area ratio, linear C/D ratio, mean cup depth, maximum cup depth, cup shape measure, height variation contour, mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness e cross-sectional area. Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que a panfotocoagulação retiniana não causa alterações morfológicas no disco óptico em pacientes com retinopatia diabética proliferativa após um ano de seguimento.

Influence of visual field results in the glaucoma diagnosis / Influência dos resultados do campo visual no diagnóstico de glaucoma

Abstract Objective: To determine the influence of visual field results in the diagnosis of glaucoma. Methods: A questionnaire with ophthalmologists was conducted where slides of a digital photograph of the optic disc and computerized visual field exam were presented.(Physicians were instructed to answer whether glaucoma was observed in each of the slides). No other information was given to those examiners. Half of the patients had glaucoma with corresponding visual field, and the other half had physiological cupping and normal visual field. The slides were equally divided between retinography and corresponding visual field (same patient) and exams randomly exchanged, where an optic disc of glaucoma with a normal visual field was placed, and vice-versa. The order in which the slides were presented was also randomized. Results: Forty slides were evaluated by 29 ophthalmologists. No glaucoma specialist was included. The overall agreement among the examiners (Kappa) was 0.270 ± 0.281, and 0.261 ± 0.238 for the exams of the same eye and was 0.274 ± 0.217 from the slides with the exams changed (p=0.4). The diagnosis was made correctly in glaucoma patients with corresponding visual field exam in 66.89% of the cases, and in 66.20% of patients with physiological cupping. When the exams were exchanged, the results dropped to 34.13% and 35.86%, respectively (p<0.001 for both). Conclusion: Visual field results may influence the diagnosis of glaucoma by non-glaucoma specialists.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da campimetria computadorizada no diagnóstico do glaucoma. Métodos: Foi realizado questionário com oftalmologistas apresentando slides com uma fotografia digital de disco óptico e campo visual computadorizado. Os médicos deveriam assinalar se o exames apresentados eram de glaucoma ou não. Nenhuma outra informação foi passada para os examinadores. Metade dos pacientes apresentavam glaucoma com dano correspondente de campo visual, e a outra metade aumento fisiológico da escavação e campo visual normal. Os slides foram igualmente divididos em: retinografia e campo visual correspondentes (mesmo paciente) e exames invertidos de forma aleatória, colocando um disco óptico de glaucoma com um campo visual normal e vice-versa. A ordem de apresentação dos slides foi randomizada previamente. Resultados: Foram incluídos 40 slides, avaliados por 29 oftalmologistas. Nenhum especialista em glaucoma foi incluído. A concordância entre os examinadores (Kappa) foi de 0,270 ± 0,281, sendo de 0,261 ± 0,238 para os exames correspondentes e 0,274 ± 0,217 para os slides com os exames trocados (p=0,4). O diagnóstico foi realizado corretamente nos pacientes com glaucoma com o campo visual correspondente em 66,89% dos casos, e em 66,20% nos pacientes com aumento da escavação (normais). Quando houve a troca da correspondência dos exames, os valores caíram para 34,13% e 35,86%, respectivamente (p<0,001 para ambos). Conclusão: O conhecimento prévio dos resultados do campo visual pode influenciar o diagnóstico do glaucoma.

Optical coherence tomography angiography artifactual choroidal neovascularization in optic disc pit maculopathy / Artefato de neovascularização de coroide na angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica em pit de disco óptico

ABSTRACT This case report describes a 19-year-old Caucasian man presented with decreased visual acuity in the right eye for 3 months. Dilated funds exam revealed optic disk pit associated with serous macular detachment. Optical coherence tomography identified communication between the optic disk pit and the macular serous detachment, and optical coherence tomography angiography displayed a subfoveal area suggestive of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. However, there was no evidence of leakage in the fluorescein angiogram and no evidence of choroidal neovascularization in optical coherence tomography in the area corresponding to the suspicious subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. The patient underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy in the right eye. Six weeks after surgery, multimodal imaging was repeated and there was near-complete resorption of the subretinal fluid. Optical coherence tomography angiography signal superimposed on optical coherence tomography B-scan also demonstrated normal choriocapillaris signal throughout the macula. In conclusion, optical coherence tomography angiography may produce artifacts in optic disk pit maculopathy that simulate choroidal neovascularization.

RESUMO O presente estudo relatou o caso de um homem caucasiano de 19 anos com diminuição da acuidade visual no olho direito há 3 meses. Na fundoscopia havia um pit de papila associado ao descolamento seroso macular. A tomografia de coerência óptica identificou uma comunicação entre o pit e o descolamento seroso e a angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica demonstrou uma área subfoveal sugestiva de membrana neovascular sub-retiniana. No entanto, não houve evidência de vazamento na angiofluoresceínografia com contraste e nem de membrana neovascular sub-retiniana na tomografia de coerência óptica na área suspeita. O paciente foi submetido a vitrectomia pars plana 23-gauge no olho direito. Seis semanas após a cirurgia, os exames foram repetidos e houve reabsorção quase completa do líquido sub-retiniano. O sinal da angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica sobreposto à tomografia de coerência óptica B-scan era normal na região da mácula. Em conclusão, a angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica pode produzir artefatos em maculopatia secundária a pit de papila que simulam uma membrana neovascular sub-retiniana.

Coexistence of optic pit and coloboma of iris, lens, and choroid: a case report / Coexistência de fosseta óptica e coloboma de íris, cristalino e coroide: um primeiro relato de caso

ABSTRACT A 42-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with a complaint of glare in both eyes. Biomicroscopic examination of both the eyes revealed iris and lens colobomas in the inferior quadrant. Fundus examination of the right eye revealed an oval and gray inferotemporal optic pit and two choroid colobomas in the inferior quadrant. In the left eye, two choroid colobomas were detected that were inferior to the optic nerve head. Furthermore, a 21-year-old man presented to our clinic for a routine ophthalmologic examination. Bilateral biomicroscopic examination was normal. Fundus examination of the left eye revealed an oval and gray inferotemporal optic pit and a choroid coloboma that was inferior to the optic nerve head. Here we describe optic pits co-occurring with iris, lens, and choroidal colobomas. On the basis of these cases, a defect in the closure of the embryonic fissure is the most plausible etiology of the optic pit.

RESUMO Uma mulher de 42 anos de idade foi internada em nossa clínica com queixa de ofuscamento em ambos os olhos. O exame biomicroscópico revelou coloboma de íris e cristalino no quadrante inferior em ambos os olhos. O exame de fundo do olho direito revelou um fosseta óptica oval e acinzentada na região inferotemporal e dois colobomas coroide no quadrante inferior. No olho esquerdo, dois colobomas de coroide foram detectados inferiormente à da cabeça do nervo óptico. Outro homem de 21 anos apresentou-se em nossa clínica para um exame oftalmológico de rotina. O exame biomicroscópico foi normal, bilateralmente. O exame de fundo do olho esquerdo revelou uma fosseta oval e acinzentada de nervo óptico óptico inferotemporal e um coloboma coroide inferior à cabeça do nervo óptico. Nestes relatos nós descrevemos fossetas ópticas ocorrendo simultaneamente com colobomas de íris, cristalino, e coroide. Com base nestes casos, o defeito no fechamento da fissura embrionária é uma provável etiologia da fosseta óptica.

Retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell complex, and choroidal thicknesses in migraine / Espessuras da camada de fibras nervosas retinianas, complexo de células ganglionares e coroide na enxaqueca

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the thicknesses of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCL), and choroid layer using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for investigating the effects of vascular changes on the eye and optic nerve in patients who have migraine with aura. Methods: Forty-five patients who had migraine with aura (migraine group) and 45 healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled in the study. Age, gender, duration after migraine diagnosis, intraocular pressure, and axial length measurements were recorded in each case. RNFL, GCL, and choroid layer thicknesses were measured using SD-OCT in all participants. Results: The mean age was 36.1 ± 6.7 (20-45) years in the migraine group and 35.7 ± 8.6 (19-45) years in the control group. There was no significant difference in the RNFL thicknesses of the temporal and nasal quadrants (p >0.05). The RNFL thicknesses of the superior and inferior quadrants were significantly lower in the migraine group compared with those in the control group (p =0.001, p <0.01, respectively). Measurements for the superior and inferior GCL were not significantly different between the groups (p >0.05). Subfoveal, temporal, and nasal choroidal thickness measurements at 500 µm, 1000 µm, and 1500 µm were significantly lower in the migraine group than in the control group (p =0.001; p <0.01, respectively). Conclusions: Compared with the controls, the RNFL and choroid layer were determined to be thinner in patients who had chronic migraine with aura.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as espessuras de camada peripapilar de fibras nervosas retinianas (RNFL), complexo de células ganglionares (GCL) e da coroide utilizando a tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (SD-OCT), a fim de investigar os efeitos das alterações vasculares no olho e nervo óptico em pacientes que apresentam enxaqueca com aura. Métodos: Quarenta e cinco pacientes que apresentavam enxaqueca com aura (grupo enxaqueca) e 45 indivíduos saudáveis (grupo controle) foram incluídos no estudo. Idade, sexo, duração da enxaqueca, pressão intraocular e medidas de comprimento axial foram registrados em cada caso. Medidas da RNFL, GCL e espessuras da coroide foram obtidas com SD-OCT em todos os participantes. Resultados: A média da idade foi de 36,1 ± 6,7 (20-45) anos no grupo enxaqueca e 35,7 ± 8,6 (19-45) anos no grupo controle. Não houve diferença significativa em espessuras RNFL nos quadrantes temporal e nasal (p>0,05). A espessura da RNFL nos quadrantes superiores e inferiores foram significativamente menores no grupo de enxaqueca em comparação ao grupo controle (p=0,001; p<0,01). Medidas da GCL superior e inferior não mostraram diferença significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05). Espessuras subfoveais, temporais e nasais da coroide (CT) a 500 µm, 1000 µm e 1500 µm foram significativamente menores no grupo de enxaqueca em relação ao grupo controle (p=0,001; p<0,01). Conclusões: Comparados aos controles, as espessuras da RNFL e coroide foram mais finas em pacientes que apresentavam enxaqueca crônica com aura.

The Relationship between Vitamin D and Glaucoma: A Kangbuk Samsung Health Study

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between vitamin D and glaucoma. METHODS: This retrospective, cross-sectional study included subjects who underwent a health screening at the Health Screening Center of Kangbuk Samsung Hospital from August 2012 to July 2013. All fundus photographs were reviewed by ophthalmologists. The ophthalmologists determined if an eye was glaucomatous based on the criteria set forth by the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology and by the appearance of the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc. If the subjects previously underwent an ophthalmologic examination, they were enrolled based on the documented history. In addition to fundus photographs, each participant underwent a systemic examination including blood sampling and sociodemographic and behavioral questionnaires. The subjects were divided into five groups according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to assess possible associations between elevated glaucoma risk and systemic factors with a p < 0.2 on univariate analysis. RESULTS: Of the 169,208 subjects older than 20 years, 123,331 were eligible for the study. There was no difference in the prevalence of glaucoma according to quintile of serum 25(OH)D level based on sex (p = 0.412 for males, p = 0.169 for females). According to the multivariable-adjusted logistic analysis, the odds ratio of glaucoma for the fourth quintile was significantly lower than that of the first quintile in females (odds ratio, 0.713; 95% confidence interval, 0.520 to 0.979). CONCLUSIONS: Lower 25(OH)D level was significantly associated with an elevated risk of glaucoma in females compared with higher 25(OH)D level. Further evaluation is needed to investigate the relationship between glaucoma and vitamin D.

Diagnóstico e conduta em melanocitoma do disco óptico / Diagnosis and management of optic disc melanocytoma

RESUMO O melanocitoma do disco óptico é um tumor benigno, com pouca predisposição a transformação maligna para melanoma. Geralmente é assintomático, contudo deve ser avaliado periodicamente com exames, sendo um deles a campimetria computadorizada que se encontra alterada em 90% dos casos. Relatamos o caso de um homem de 61 anos sem diagnóstico prévio de melanocitoma do disco óptico. Discute-se a importância de um diagnóstico diferencial com melanoma e acompanhamento seriado do paciente.

ABSTRACT The optic disc melanocytoma is a benign tumor, with little predisposition to become a melanoma. It is usually asymptomatic, nonetheless should be evaluated periodically, most often by computerized perimetry, which in 9 out of 10 cases will show some alteration. In the following paper we report the case of 61 years old man without previous diagnosis of optic disc melanocytoma and discuss the importance of melanoma differential diagnosis and monitoring.

Morfometria comparativa entre discos ópticos de familiares de glaucomatosos e normais pelo HRTII / Heidelberg retina tomograph comparative measurements in relatives of glaucomatous patients and normal

OBJETIVO: Comparar discos ópticos de pacientes normais com história familiar de glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (GPAA) com um grupo controle sem histórico familiar de glaucoma através da oftalmoscopia confocal a laser (HRTII). MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva da morfometria dos discos ópticos de pacientes com e sem história familiar de GPAA. Cada paciente foi submetido a exame oftalmológico completo, perimetria computadorizada, paquimetria e HRTII. Os pacientes foram classificados em três grupos de acordo com o grau de parentesco: primeiro grau (grupo 1), segundo grau (grupo 2) e grupo controle sem história familiar de glaucoma (grupo 3). Foram analisados: área total do disco óptico (Área Total), área de faixa neural (FxN), área da escavação (Esc.), relação escavação/disco (E/D) e relação E/D linear (L). Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o programa SPSS 12.0. considerando-se apenas um dos olhos de cada paciente selecionado aleatoriamente. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos setenta e quatro pacientes com idade média de 42,58 anos. Comparando-se os grupos 1 e 2, encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa na variável Área Total, observando-se discos ópticos maiores no grupo 1. Comparando-se os grupos 1 e 3, as diferenças entre as variáveis Área Total, Esc, E/D e L foram estatisticamente significativas com predominância de valores mais elevados no grupo 1. Comparando-se os dados estereométricos entre os grupos 2 e 3 não foram encontradas diferenças de valores estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes normais parentes de primeiro grau de glaucomatosos apresentam maiores valores das variáveis topográficas do disco óptico quando comparados aos dos pacientes sem histórico familiar de glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether there is a difference in topographic characteristics of optic nerve head analyzed by Heidelberg retina tomography (HRTII) in relatives of normal patients with or without history of open angle glaucoma. METHODS: Retrospective study analyzing the optic disc morphometry of normal patients with or without family history of glaucoma. Each participant underwent a routine examination, visual field testing, pachimetry and optic nerve head topography. Patients were classified according their family history of glaucoma in groups as first-degree (group 1), far second-degree (group 2) and no siblings with glaucoma (control group). Optic disc analyzed parameters were: disc area, rim area, cup area, cup/disc ratio (E/D) and linear cup/disc ratio. Statistical analysis was made through the SPSS 12.0 program considering only one randomized eye. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients (74 eyes) were included. The average age was 42.58 years. In the stereometric analysis, the comparison between the disc area from the group 1 and group 2 was statistically significant (P < 0.005), with marked overlap in group 1, fact that was repeated for the variables disc area, cup area, cup/disc ratio linear cup/disc ratio comparing first -degree and control group. There was no statistical difference comparing group 2 and 3 in the stereometric analysis. CONCLUSION: First-degree siblings of glaucoma patients present stereometric differences in optic disc when compared with patients without history of glaucoma. These differences were found in patients with no signs of the disease.

Echographic evaluation of optic disc excavation

To evaluate the role of high resolution B-scan echography in differentiating the causes of optic disc excavation. A prospective study was conducted on 30 subjects presenting to Al-Zahraa University Hospital [2009 - 2011] with optic nerve excavation. Of these patients 10 with coloboma, 10 with cup-shaped posterior staphyloma and 10 with glaucomatous optic nerve cupping were identified. Horizontal and vertical approaches for optic disc excavations were evaluated using B-scan echography. Specific echographic criteria for excavation configurations were successfully estimated. High-resolution contact B-scan echography may provide useful differentiation for optic disc excavations in eyes with opaque media

Estudo das correlações entre a área do disco óptico e as características geométricas e biomecânicas da córnea / Study of correlation between optic disc size and corneal geometry and biomechanics

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar área do disco óptico com parâmetros geométricos e biomecânicos da córnea. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo nos arquivos de pacientes do Instituto de Olhos Renato Ambrósio a fim de se identificar os pacientes que realizaram exames HRT (Heidelberg Retina Tomography), Pentacam e ORA. A retinografia digital foi revisada de modo a se classificar na escala DDLS (Disc Damage Likelihood Scale). RESULTADOS: 244 olhos de 122 pacientes (75 mulheres) foram incluídos no estudo. A média de idade foi de 47,2 anos (de 8 a 97 anos, desvio padrão de 21,7). Não houve correlação significante entre área do disco e nenhuma das medidas de PIO (IOPg, IOPcc). Encontrou-se uma relação negativa significativa com CRF (r=-0,1337, p=0,0263). A relação com histerese foi também negativa (-0,1123), mas o valor p foi maior que 0,05 (0,0625). Não houve correlação significante entre área do disco e progressão paquimétrica mínima ou média. Entretanto, observou-se correlação significante e positiva entre a área do disco e astigmatismo corneano (Delta K), sendo de 1,15 (p=0,0129). CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma correlação negativa entre a área do disco óptico e os parâmetros biomecânicos e estruturais da córnea. Tal correlação pode ser parte da explicação da córnea ser um fator de risco para maior susceptibilidade do nervo óptico para neuropatia glaucomatosa.

PURPOSE: To correlate optic disc size geometry, corneal architecture and biomechanics. METHODS: Optic disc area and geometry was accessed by HRT III (Heidelberg Retina Tomography - Heidelberg eng), Pentacam (Oculus) was used for accessing IOP and corneal parameters and ORA (Ocular Response Analyze - Reichert) was utilized to access corneal biomechanical properties. Classification based DDLS (Disc Damage Likelihood Scale) scale from retinography was performed. Settings: Instituto de Olhos Renato Ambrósio. RESULTS: 244 eyes of 122 patients (75 female) were included. The average age was 47,2 years (from 8 to 97 years). A significant negative correlation was found between disc optic size and CRF (r=0,1337, p=0,0263). A small trend was also found between optic nerve size and hysteresis (r=-0,1123, p=0,0625). A significant negative correlation was also found between disc optic size and thinnest point, maximal pachymetri progression, corneal volume at (1, 4 e 6mm) and difference from thinnest and central value (p<0,05). The highest negative correlation was with corneal volume within 4mm in diameter (r=-1,887; p=0,0017). A positive correlation between size of optic disc and cornea astigmatism (delta K), was found (r= 1,15; p=0,0129). CONCLUSION: There is a negative correlation between optic disc size and corneal thickness and biomechanical properties. These findings may help explaining susceptibility for the development of glaucoma neuropathy in some cases.

Hemi-central retinal artery occlusion in young adults.

Amongst the clinical presentations of retinal artery occlusion, hemi-central retinal artery occlusion (Hemi-CRAO) is rarely described. This case series of four adults aged between 22 and 36 years attempts to describe the clinical profile, etiology and management of Hemi-CRAO. Case 1 had an artificial mitral valve implant. Polycythemia and malignant hypertension were noted in Case 2. The third patient had Leiden mutation while the fourth patient had Eisenmenger’s syndrome. Clinical examination and fundus fluorescein angiography revealed a bifurcated central retinal artery at emergence from the optic nerve head, in all cases. Color Doppler examination of the central retinal artery confirmed branching of the artery behind the lamina cribrosa. It is hypothesized that bifurcation of central retinal artery behind the lamina cribrosa may predispose these hemi-trunks to develop an acute occlusion if associated with underlying risk factors. The prognosis depends upon arterial recanalisation and etiology of the thromboembolic event.

US in optic disc edema

Optic disc edema is very important as the head of the optic nerve is the only part seen from the nerve. Ultrasound study of the edema in ten patients was found to be very simple and quick method for study of the degree of the edema and follow-up of the resolution of the edema by measuring the degree and distance of the edematous part